Human Intermediary Metabolism

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Fat, carbohydrates and proteins are major constituents of the human diet. These three macronutrients are ultimately converted or stored as energy by a wide variety of different metabolic pathways. First, the digestion, uptake, and transport of macronutrients from the intestinal tract to various organs and tissues will be addressed. This will include the enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules in the gastro-intestinal tract, and the transport and uptake of nutrients by various target organs. The nutrients also induce the secretion of signaling molecules: molecules secreted by one organ can modulate metabolism in another organ. Examples of such cross-talk between organs will be discussed. The nutrients will ultimately be used as a source of energy and key concepts of energy production in different tissues will be examined. In addition, methods and principles used to measure energy metabolism during rest and exercise will be discussed. Substrate metabolism also depends on factors like vitamins and minerals. The importance of these (co)-factors will be discussed especially by referring to the role of B-vitamins in amino acid and iron metabolism. Finally, it is clear that inter-individual variation in substrate metabolism exists. It will be highlighted how this variability is related to differences in body composition, sex, and genetic background. Ultimately, this knowledge is translated into dietary recommendations. Insight will be provided on how these recommendations are derived for different groups of people and if it is already possible to recommend personalized nutrition.